Vignette 2. Usefulness

    Vignette 3. Knowledge Elicitation and IS Development

    Vignette 4. Nature of Computers

    Vignette 5. The Information Society

    'The Whole Story'

    Purpose of this Work

    The Chapters

    References

    Note

    1.1.1 Areas of Research and Practice in IT/IS

    1.1.2 Problems and Issues in IT/IS

1.2 UNDERSTANDING

    1.2.1 Problems with Theoretical Frameworks

    1.2.2 Lifeworld-Oriented Frameworks for Understanding

1.3 FRAMEWORKS

    1.3.1 Frameworks in Each Area

    1.3.2 Issues that Constitute Frameworks for Understanding

    1.3.3 Characteristics of Frameworks

    1.3.4 A Single Unitary Framework?

1.4 PHILOSOPHY

    1.4.1 Philosophy and Frameworks for Understanding

    1.4.2 Philosophy: a Sketch

    1.4.3 Application of Philosophy in Information Systems

    1.4.4 Roles of Philosophy in Information Systems

    1.4.5 The Suitability of Philosophy

    1.4.6 Philosophical Issues in IT/IS

    1.4.7 Dooyeweerd's Philosophy

1.5 OUR APPROACH

FOOTNOTES

References

2.1 DOOYEWEERD'S APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY

2.2 DOOYEWEERD'S CRITICAL APPROACH

    2.2.1 Dooyeweerd's Immanent Critique

    2.2.2 Dooyeweerd's Transcendental Critiques

2.3 THE RELIGIOUS ROOT OF PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

    2.3.1 Ground-Motives

        2.3.1.1 The Form-Matter ground-motive (FMGM)

        2.3.1.2 The Creation-Fall-Redemption ground-motive (CFR)

        2.3.1.3 The Nature-Grace ground-motive (NGGM)

        2.3.1.4 The Nature-Freedom ground-motive (NFGM)

    2.3.2 Effect of Ground-Motives on Understanding Information Systems

    2.3.3 Immanence-Standpoint

    2.3.4 Transcendence-Standpoint

2.4 THE DIFFERENT FLAVOUR OF DOOYEWEERD'S APPROACH

    2.4.1 Starting Point 1: Religious Root and Destiny of All -- Including Information Systems

    2.4.2 Starting Point 2: Everyday Experience

    2.4.3 Being as Meaning

    2.4.4 Law and Subject Sides

    2.4.5 Escaping Descartes and Kant

2.5 CONCLUSION

Footnotes

References

3.1 DOOYEWEERD'S THEORY OF MODAL ASPECTS

    3.1.1 Dooyeweerd's Suite of Aspects

    3.1.2 Other Recognition of Aspects

    3.1.3 More than Categories

    3.1.4 Characteristics of Aspects

        3.1.4.1 Transcendence of aspects

        3.1.4.2 Irreducibility

        3.1.4.3 Harmony of aspects

        3.1.4.4 Non-absoluteness of aspects

        3.1.4.5 Anticipation and retrocipation

        3.1.4.6 Inter-aspect dependency

        3.1.4.7 Inter-aspect analogy

        3.1.4.8 Inter-aspect 'reaching out'

        3.1.4.9 Aspectual normativity

        3.1.4.10 Grasped by intuition

    3.1.5 What Aspects Enable

        3.1.5.1 Distinct categories of meaning

        3.1.5.2 Distinct rationalities

        3.1.5.3 Distinct modes of being

        3.1.5.4 Distinct ways of functioning

        3.1.5.5 Distinct types of repercussion

        3.1.5.6 Distinct kinds of normativity

        3.1.5.7 Distinct ways of knowing

    3.1.6 How Aspects May be Delineated

3.2 THINGS

    3.2.1 Everyday Experience of Things

    3.2.2 Some Problems with Extant Understanding of Things

    3.2.3 Dooyeweerd's Approach

    3.2.4 Becoming and Change

    3.2.5 Types of Things

    3.2.6 Relationships

        3.2.6.1 Functional relationships

        3.2.6.2 Structural relationships

3.3 EXPERIENCE, KNOWLEDGE AND ASSUMPTIONS

    3.3.1 Objectivism and Relativism/Subjectivism

    3.3.2 The Knower-Known Relationship

    3.3.3 Knowledge as a Law-Subject-Object Relationship

    3.3.4 Non-Neutrality of Knowledge: Life-and-World-Views

    3.3.5 Intuition

    3.3.6 The Human Self

    3.3.7 Analytical and Theoretical Knowing

    3.3.8 Science and Philosophy

    3.3.9 Limits to Knowing

3.4 HUMAN LIFE

    3.4.1 Multi-aspectual Human Functioning

    3.4.2 The Human Person

    3.4.3 The Shalom Principle: A Useful Approach to Ethics

        3.4.3.1 A practical device

    3.4.4 Brief Comparison with Extant Views of Ethics

    3.4.5 Everyday Life: The Lifeworld

    3.4.6 Time, Destiny and Progress

3.5 CRITIQUE OF DOOYEWEERD

    3.5.1 Superficial Critiques

    3.5.2 Substantial Critiques

3.6 CHAPTER CONCLUSION

References

4.1 TOWARDS AN EVERYDAY UNDERSTANDING OF IS USE

    4.1.1 A Major IS Failure

    4.1.2 Unexpected Impacts

    4.1.3 The Case of Elsie: A Small IS Success?

        4.1.3.1 Overview of Elsie

        4.1.3.2 Elsie in use

4.2 COMPUTER USE AS MULTI-ASPECTUAL HUMAN

    4.2.1 Aspectual Analysis of Computer Use

    4.2.2 Interwoven Multi-aspectual Functionings

    4.2.3 Validating the Intuition: Qualifying Aspects

        4.2.3.1 The qualifying aspect of HCI: usually the lingual

        4.2.3.2 Qualifying aspects of ERC and HLC

        4.2.3.3 On identifying qualifying aspects

    4.2.4 Benefits of Understanding Types of Multi-aspectual Functioning

4.3 THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN-COMPUTER RELATIONSHIPS

    4.3.1 Structure of HCI: Law-Subject-Object and Gegenstand Relationships

        4.3.1.1 Aspectual subject-subject and subject-object relationships

        4.3.1.2 Distal and proximal

    4.3.2 The Structure of ERC: Aspectual Reaching-out

    4.3.3 The Structure of HLC: Aspectual Repercussions

        4.3.3.1 Diversity of repercussions

        4.3.3.2 Indirect, long-term impacts

        4.3.3.3 Unexpected impacts

        4.3.3.4 Overview

4.4 THE NORMATIVITY OF COMPUTER USE

    4.4.1 Normativity of HCI: Usability

    4.4.2 Normativity in ERC: Justice to (Virtual) World

    4.4.3 Normativity in HLC: Shalom

        4.4.3.1 The ethical aspect of self-giving

4.5 PRACTICAL DEVICES

    4.5.1 Aspectual Analysis

    4.5.2 Aspects as Checklist: Guidelines for UI

    4.5.3 The Aspect Tree: Evaluating Computer Use

    4.5.4 Questioning Assumptions and Presuppositions

4.6 RELATING TO EXTANT FRAMEWORKS

    4.6.1 Approaches Centring on Limited Aspects

    4.6.2 'Making a World of Difference'

        4.6.2.1 General Critique

        4.6.2.2 Two Cases

        4.6.2.3 Critique Arising from Cases

        4.6.2.4 Queuing time

        4.6.2.5 The lens of power-relationships

        4.6.2.6 Enriching Walsham's Basket of Tools

    4.6.3 Winograd and Flores -- and Beyond

        4.6.3.1 Problems in Winograd and Flores

        4.6.3.2 Shift to another ground-motive

4.7 CONCLUSION

References

5.1 WHAT IS MEANT BY 'WHAT IS?'?

    5.1.1 Philosophical Understanding of the Nature of Things

    5.1.2 Some Issues

    5.1.3 The Need for Dooyeweerd's Approach

5.2 A DOOYEWEERDIAN APPROACH TO THE NATURE OF COMPUTERS

    5.2.1 In Relation to Human Beings

    5.2.2 Human Experience of the Computer as a Whole

    5.2.3 The Innards

    5.2.4 Excursus: Reinterpreting the Biotic-Organic Aspect

    5.2.5 Aspectual Beings that Constitute the Computer

    5.2.6 Analog Computers

    5.2.7 Meaningful Wholes

    5.2.8 Relationships Among Things in a Computer

        5.2.8.1 Relationships between beings within an aspect

        5.2.8.2 Relationships between beings of different aspects

    5.2.9 Implementation

5.3 INFORMATION AND PROGRAM

    5.3.1 Data, Information and Knowledge

        5.3.1.1 A Dooyeweerdian understanding

        5.3.1.2 Knowledge management

        5.3.1.3 Long-term digital preservation

        5.3.1.4 Virtual beings

    5.3.2 Program and Software

        5.3.2.1 Program as law side

        5.3.2.2 Program as performance art

5.4 COMPUTER SYSTEM LEVELS

    5.4.1 Newell's Levels

    5.4.2 A Philosophical Analysis of Newell's Proposal for Levels

    5.4.3 Level-aspect Correspondences

    5.4.4 Enriching Newell's Notion of Levels

    5.4.5 Some Practical Implications of Aspectual Levels

5.5 COMPUTERS AND HUMAN BEINGS

    5.5.1 Determined and Non-Determined Behaviour

    5.5.2 The Chinese Room

    5.5.3 The Debate

    5.5.4 A Critique of the Debate

    5.5.5 Towards a Resolution

    5.5.6 Subject- and Object-Functioning

    5.5.7 A Fresh Look into the Chinese Room

    5.5.8 Cyberspace and Bodiless Reality

    5.5.9 On Comparing Computer to Human Being

    5.5.10 Ideology in AI

5.6 CONCLUSION

References

6.1 APPROACHES TO ISD

    6.1.1 Brief History of ISD

    6.1.2 ISD Paradigms

        6.1.2.1 Indirect use: Systems Approaches

        6.1.2.2 Direct use of the Burrell-Morgan model

    6.1.3 Practical Critique of Paradigms

    6.1.4 Everyday Experience in ISD

    6.1.5 Philosophical Critique of the Paradigms

    6.1.6 Towards a Different Framework for Understanding

6.2 ISD AS MULTI-ASPECTUAL HUMAN ACTIVITY

    6.2.1 Several Multi-aspectual Functionings

6.3 THE OVERALL ISD PROCESS

    6.3.1 The Aesthetic Aspect

    6.3.2 The Social Aspect

    6.3.3 Pre-social Aspects

    6.3.4 Post-social aspects

    6.3.5 All Aspects Together

6.4 ANTICIPATING USE

6.5 CREATING THE IS

    6.5.1 Aspects of Creating the IS

    6.5.2 The 'Chores' of Creating the IS

    6.5.3 The Delight that is Creating IS

6.6 ENCAPSULATING KNOWLEDGE

    6.6.1 Knowledge Elicitation and Representation

    6.6.2 Doing Justice to Domain Meaning

    6.6.3 Virtual Reality

    6.6.4 Everyday Experience and Understanding

    6.6.5 Tacit and Explicit Knowledge

6.7 PRACTICAL DEVICES

    6.7.1 Aspectual Analysis

    6.7.2 Multi-Aspectual Knowledge Elicitation: MAKE

    6.7.3 Characteristics of MAKE

6.8 ENRICHING SSM

6.9 CONCLUSION

References

7.1 INFLUENCES ON DESIGN OF IT RESOURCES

    7.1.1 'KR to the People'

    7.1.2 Appropriateness

    7.1.3 Extant KR Languages

    7.1.4 A New Approach

7.2 SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

    7.2.1 The Notion of Semi-Manufactured Products

    7.2.2 The Proposal

    7.2.3 Aspectual Capability of KRLs

    7.2.4 Problems of Missing Aspects

7.3 ASPECTUAL DESIGN OF IT RESOURCES

    7.3.1 Philosophical Roles of Aspects to Indicate Primitives and Tokens

    7.3.2 A Practical Proposal: Aspectual Modules

    7.3.3 Implementation at the Bit Level

    7.3.4 Reflections on the Proposal

7.4 INTEGRATION

    7.4.1 Foundational Inter-aspect Dependency

    7.4.2 Anticipatory Inter-Aspect Dependency

    7.4.3 Inter-Aspect Analogy

    7.4.4 Implementing Aspectual Reach-out

    7.4.5 Reflection

7.5 RELATING TO EXTANT DISCOURSE

    7.5.1 Dooyeweerdian Critique of Extant Data Models

        7.5.1.1 The Relational Data Model

        7.5.1.2 Object-Orientation and Subject-Orientation

        7.5.1.3 The Wand-Weber KR ontology

        7.5.1.4 Three types of critique of data models

    7.5.2 Dooyeweerd and Alexander

        7.5.2.1 Alexander's Vision

        7.5.2.2 Design patterns in information systems design

        7.5.2.3 Dooyeweerdian analysis of design patterns

        7.5.2.4 Reflection on aspectual analysis

7.6 CONCLUSION

    7.6.1 Overview of Framework for Understanding

    7.6.2 The Mission of Bringing Information Technologies into Being

References

8.1 ON THE VALIDITY AND DESTINY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

    8.1.1 Schuurman's 'Liberating Vision for Technology'

    8.1.2 Disruption of the Vision

    8.1.3 Implications of Schuurman's Vision

8.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS ECOLOGY

    8.2.1 Correlative Enkapsis and Umwelt

    8.2.2 IT as Umwelt

    8.2.3 Technological Determinism versus Social Shaping of Technology

    8.2.4 The Nature of Both Relationships

    8.2.5 Practical Device: Aspectual Analysis of the Circular Relationship

8.3 ABSOLUTIZATION AND IDOLATRY IN IT

    8.3.1 Critique of 'Masculine' Technology

        8.3.1.1 A Dooyeweerdian View

    8.3.2 Critique of Western Technology

    8.3.3 Orchestrating the Aspects

    8.3.4 Idolatry of Technology

    8.3.5 Overcoming Religious Dysfunction

8.4 CONCLUSION

    8.4.1 Overview of Framework for Understanding

    8.4.2 The Challenge

References

9.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FRAMEWORKS

    9.1.1 Framework for Understanding Human Use of Computers

    9.1.2 Framework for Understanding the Nature of Computers

    9.1.3 Framework for Understanding IS Development

    9.1.4 Framework for Understanding Information Technologies

    9.1.5 Framework for Understanding IT as Ecology

    9.1.6 Understanding the Whole Story

9.2 REFLECTIONS ON THE FRAMEWORKS

    9.2.1 On Multiple Frameworks and a Single Philosophy

    9.2.2 Characteristics of the Frameworks

    9.2.3 Constitution of the Frameworks

    9.2.4 Compatibility of Areas with Dooyeweerd

9.3 ON USING DOOYEWEERD

    9.3.1 On Using Dooyeweerd in Understanding Human Use of Computers

    9.3.2 On Using Dooyeweerd in Understanding the Nature of Computers

    9.3.3 On Using Dooyeweerd in Understanding IS Development

    9.3.4 On Using Dooyeweerd in Understanding IT Resources

    9.3.5 On Using Dooyeweerd in Understanding IT as Ecology

    9.3.6 On Using Dooyeweerd in Understanding the Whole Story

    9.3.7 Portions of Dooyeweerd Found Useful

    9.3.8 Developing Dooyeweerd?

        9.3.8.1 Contributions to Dooyeweerd's theory of aspects

        9.3.8.2 Contributions to Dooyeweerd's theory of things

9.4 REFLECTIONS ON THE PROCESS

    9.4.1 Filling Slots?

    9.4.2 Other Aspects, Areas, Philosophies?

    9.4.3 The Effect of Dooyeweerd's 'Christian' Philosophy

    9.4.4 Contributions of the Exercise

    9.4.5 Limitations of the Exercise

9.5 THE FUTURE

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

INDEX